Essay on Brewing Industry

Essay on Brewing Industry Introduction The Western European beer market is one of the oldest, widely dominated by some of the oldest and the world’s largest beer companies. It is however, not unlike many other markets, and equally faces constantly changing economic, political, technological and legal changes etc, which have a critical impact on the individual company’s strategic decision making. This paper presents the PESTEL analysis of the beer industry in Western Europe and provides a detailed five forces analysis of the same. The paper concludes by assessing the implications of this changing environment to some of the largest players in the industry. PESTEL ANALYSIS Political Factors-As against previously where governments refrained active involvement in the industry, which formed an important part of government revenues, governments across the continent have are waging vicious campaigns against alcoholism, binge driving as well as drunken driving, Lawrence Edwards (2000). Anti-drunken driving campaigns have proven particularly effective in driving down beer sales in Western Europe, with the highest effect being on the â€Å"on premises sales†. Economic Western European markets were the highest beer markets in the world, but the recent past has witnessed a dramatic contraction in the beer markets. Concerted government campaigns to help combat excessive alcohol consumption and drink driving among others, have seen the soaring of taxes aimed at the industry, which have effectively led into the rising prices for the industry’s products. This has put the cheapest offerings in market inaccessible to the market. Given the price inelasticity of demand of beer, the beer industry would has fared better compared to other industries on the continent, especially in the face of the global economic crisis that hit the global economy, Lorat (2009). In addition, given the fact that other sectors of the economy were badly hit by the economic turmoil, governments increased revenues drawn from the industry, as compared to other sectors of the economic. Other economic factors in the industry include the rising costs of inputs and production, Ble e Whittington (2010). The costs of packaging materials, raw materials like barley, labor and energy costs have soared in the recent past, not only in Western Europe but also across the developed economies. The potential of increasing prices is on the other hand limited, without the increase in quality, given the sharp competition presented by external premium beer brands. Social Factors-Government campaigns against excessive alcohol consumption have resulted into increased awareness among the populations and markets about the negative effects of beer, which has in turn led to reduced consumptions and sales Changes in societal perceptions about alcohol, have fueled media campaigns with the effects of cutting back on alcohol consumption in Western Europe, Data Monitor Inc.(2011). The cultural aspect of beer and wine, which are taken at meals, social gatherings as well as for ceremonial purposes have however, kept up the demand in Western Europe. Technological Factors- Increased technology in the brewing industry has led to the development of innovative techniques in the maturation, manufacturing and packaging of products, Blee Whittington (2010). This has increased the accuracy in the industry, which effectively increased the quality of the products, prolonged expiry durations and perhaps most crucially, reduced wastages that are associated with the production and distribution. Increased efficiency leads to increased revenues and profitability. Environmental Factors- The expansion the Chinese, Indian and Brazilian economies before and during the crisis, provided market expansion opportunities especially for the premium beer and wine brands, to meet the needs of the growing middle income populations in the emerging economies, Data Monitor Inc.(2011). The growth in markets has only been experienced in the premium beer products, which has triggered the shifts towards increased quality and prices in the industry. Legal factors- Restrictions on drinking ages by governments across the world, coupled by even more strict restrictions on the importation and sale of alcoholic products has effectively reduced beer sales. Increased taxation on the industry has served to increase the prices of the beer products. FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Competition- The increased competition in the western European market as well as well as abroad, coupled by the emergence of strong premium brand products from abroad have contracted the markets and profitability, Blee Whittington (2010). The competition has forced the disintegration of large breweries, vertical and horizontal integrations. Threats- The emergence of premium beer brands and the contraction of the Western European markets present a particular challenge to the present and future success of the continent’s brewing industry, Lorat (2009). Increased competition would serve to reduce the revenues and profitability of the industry, will increase the potential for failures and takeovers to survive the competition. Product Substitution- Non alcoholic beverages, energy drinks and soft drinks have experienced a growing market, in the wake of government campaigns against drinking, coupled with changing social attitudes towards drinking, Blee Whittington (2010). These products, as well as other premium beer products from outside the Western European markets may substitute the homegrown beer products. Suppliers Bargaining Power- The large costs of packaging materials, as well as other inputs for the industry are sourced from a few, powerful suppliers. These gives them control over the pricing for inputs, and ultimately, on the retail prices of beer. Consumers Bargaining Power- The large variety and product differentiations in the market allow the consumers plenty of choice, and as such sudden changes in the market will lead to changes in the returns for the brewing industry players. Anheuser-Busch InBev (Belgium) It is one of the biggest brands in the Western Europe, with a long standing experience in the production and manufacturing. Efforts to transform itself into the largest beer maker in the region, with mergers and acquisitions as well as process changes will help the company boost efficiency and changes for the company’s products. With scale economies and efficiency will cut prices and boost its competitive in the industry. Its strengths include a strong brand, scale economies, experience, technical capacity and reach in the market, BBC (2010). On the hand, the large sizes presents a weakness in the ability to control the whole country’s operations. Tsingtao (China) It has a wide market reach and the lower manufacturing costs enjoyed by the company, coupled with the lower prices will allow the company to brave the competition, Stewart (2000). In addition, the growth of the Chinese economy presents even greater opportunities for expansion. Its weaknesses include a lack of a clear growth strategy and the contraction a relatively low brand identity. Greene King (United Kingdom) The contraction of the market at home will result into a contraction of its sales and profitability. Its strengths include a long experience, a technical capacity and efficient production which are however, threatened by a relatively low market reach, Schmitt (2011). Conclusion The key markets for the

Teenage Pregnancy A High Risk, The Effects, And The...

Teenage pregnancy is a huge problem in the United States, but the rates are not at an all-time high. The pregnancy rates of teens have actually gone down in the past few years, but it still is a big problem here in the United States. The United States has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy, Russia has the second highest. Teenage pregnancy is a social and economic problem; it is not good for our country. This essay, will discuss who is at a high risk, the effects, and the prevention of teen pregnancy. Some people are at a higher risk of getting pregnant at a young age. There are many factors that can make a person at a high risk. Most children that grow up in foster care have problems. These problems can vary from self-esteem issues to†¦show more content†¦Children that grow up with domestic violence, substance abuse, and sexual abuse are also at a high risk. The children that grow up in these kinds of environments end up at a high risk of getting pregnant at an early age (Farber 283). The mother and child are both affected by teenage births. A teenage mother is more likely to give birth prematurely and this could be terrible for the baby resulting in long term effects. Some of those effects include death, developmental problems, behavioral problems, and cerebral palsy. The mother is also less likely to finish school than those who do not have children. The child of a teen parent is also more likely to drop out of school and have low academic achievements. The teenage parents miss out on their high school social life and their education. The life of these parents is very difficult and stressful. Parenting as a teen can be very overwhelming and can lead to depression. Teenage pregnancy is preventable and there are many different ways to stop it. The best way to not get pregnant is to practice abstinence. Abstinence is abstaining from sex. If you do not engage in sexual activities, you cannot get pregnant. If one does have sex, there are ways of preve nting pregnancy but they are not one hundred percent effective. One of the most popular forms of protection is a condom. There are

Cases on Negotiable Instruments Act free essay sample

FAMOUS CASES ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT* LIABILITY OF PAYING BANKER WHEN CUSTOMER’S SIGNATURE ON CHEQUE IS FORGED 1. When the customer’s signature on the cheque is forged there is no mandate to the bank to pay. As such a banker is not entitled to debit the customer’s account on such forged cheque. In Canara Bank vs. Canara Sales Corporation and Others [(1987)2 Supreme Court Cases 666] the company has a current account with the bank which was operated by the Company’s Managing Director. The Company’s account in whose custody the cheque book was, forged the signature of the Managing Director in 42 Cheques totaling Rs. 326047. 92 over a period of time. This was detected by another accountant. The company immediately on detected of the fraud demanded the amount from the bank. The bank refused payment and therefore the company file a suit against the bank. The bank lost the suit and took the matter up to the Supreme Court. We will write a custom essay sample on Cases on Negotiable Instruments Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal of the bank and held that: Since the relationship between the customer and the bank is that of a creditor and debtor, the bank had no authority to make payment of a cheque containing a forged signature. The bank would be acted against the law in debiting the customer with the amount of the forged cheque as there would be no mandate on the bank to pay. The Supreme Court pointed out that the document in the cheque form on which the customer’s name as drawer was forged was a mere nullity. The bank would succeed only when it would establish adoption or estoppel. In dealing the case the Supreme Court relied on its earlier judgment in Bihta Cooperative Development and Cane Marketing Union Ltd vs. bank of Bihar (AIR 1967 Supreme Court 389). 2. In a joint account if one of the signature is forged then there is no mandate and banker cannot make payment. In Bihta Cooperative Development and Cane Marketing Union Ltd vs. bank of Bihar, the Cooperative Marketing Union had an account with the bank which was authorized to be operated by Joint Secretary and Treasure of the Cooperative Marketing Union. On 16, April 1948 the bank made payment of Rs. 11000 on a loose leaf cheque and not on a cheque from in cheque book to the Society. Though the two signature appeared on the cheque one of them, the signature of the Joint Secretary was forged. The bank made payment, whereupon the Cooperative Marketing Union sued the bank for recovery of the money. Though the bank admitted negligence on its part, it argued that the employees of the Cooperative Marketing Union were dishonest in the discharge f their duties and as such it cannot succeed. The matter went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court while allowing the case of the Cooperative Marketing Union held that â€Å"one of the signatures was forged so that there never was any mandate by the customer at all to the banker and the question of negligence of the customer in between the signature and the presentation of the cheque never arose†. PAYMENT TO BE IN DUE COURSE FOR BANK TO SEEK PROTECTION 1. The Supreme Court in Bank of Bih ar vs. Mahabir Lal (AIR 1964 Supreme Court 397) held that a banker can seek protection under Section 85 only where payment has been made to the holder, his servant or agent i. e payment must be made in due course. In this case the Bank had agreed to grant to the firm cash credit facility against pledged of cloth bales on the firm fulfilling certain conditions, one of which was that the money for purchasing the cloth would not be directly given to the firm, but instead the supplier would be paid the amount by the bank and the cloth bales would be kept by the bank as pledge for the loan. The firm thereafter was required to draw a cheque on itself which was handed over to the bank. The bank instead of handing over cash to the firms partner, to be paid over to the wholesalers it with one of the bank’s employees (Potdar) who accompanied the partner to the wholesales. However, before the money could be paid to wholesalers the Potdar absconded. The bank sought repayment of the money which was refused by the firm. The bank therefore sued the firm for the money relying on Section 85 and 118 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. The matter reached the Supreme Court and it was held that before the provisions of Section 85 can assist the bank it had to be established that payment had in fact been made to the firm or a person on behalf of the firm. Payment of a person who had nothing to do with the firm or a payment to an agent of the Bank would not be a payment to the firm. 2. The Calcutta High Court had occasion to consider as to whether a bank had made payment in due course or not in the case of Bhutoria Trading Company (BTC) vs. Allahabad Bank (AIR 1977 Cal 363) the facts of which are as follows; BTC, a limited company, had sold some jute to WFD another limited company, for payment of which WFD issued an uncrossed cheque payable to BTC or order which was delivered to one of the officials of BTC. The official using the company’s seal endorsed the cheque as manager and encashed it over the counter. BTC later sued the bank for recovery of the money on the grounds of damages or in the alternative on the grounds of money had and received by the bank. The court held that: The expression â€Å"payment due course† has been defined in Section 10 of the Negotiable Instruments Act to mean payment in accordance with the apparent tenor of the instrument in good faith and without negligence to any person in possession thereof, under circumstances which do not afford reasonable ground for believing that he is not entitled to receive payment of the amount therein mentioned. It can hardly be questioned that the payment by the defendant bank of the cheque in question has been made by the defendant bank in accordance with its apparent tenor. The cheque is an uncrossed cheque payable to the plaintiff. The cheque was endorsed by the plaintiff through its Manager. The fact that Jethmall is the Manager is borne out by the seal of the Company which is unquestionable an authentic seal. The seal of the Manager is also equally authentic. That the payment was made in good faith has not been disputed for all practical purposes. There is not a grain of evidence before the Court from which it remotely appears that the payment was not made in good faith. Now that the entire evidence is before the court, the question of onus to prove good faith loses much of its importance. No negligence has been proved against the bank. The defendant bank insisted on identification of Jethmal and Jethmall was in fact identified by Krishanlal Maheswari, a constituent of the bank, the defendant No-3. The defendant bank therefore took all reasonable precaution even though the circumstances in which the cheque was presented for payment did not afford any reasonable ground for believing that Jethmall was not entitled to receive payment of the amount mentioned therein. The plaintiff having failed to prove the trade practice which he alleged and the bank having paid the cheque, in accordance with the apparent tenor of the instrument, in good faith, and without negligence to Jethmall who was in possession thereof the defendant is entitled to succeed. There were no circumstances which afforded any reasonable ground for believing that he was not entitled to receive payment of the cheque. It must be held that the bank made the payment in due course. The learned judge, in opinion has rightly pointed out that payment in due course is necessarily payment in the ordinary course. 3. Whether payment made by a bank was payment in due course would depend on the facts of a given case. In Madras Provincial Cooperative Bank Ltd vs. Official Liquidator, South Indian Match Factory Ltd (AIR 1945 Mad 30) the court held that payment to a liquidator against the cheque presented across the counter was not a payment in due course and the bank was not entitled to seek protection under Section 85 of the Negotiable Instrument Act. In this case the Official Liquidator of the Company has sold certain properties of the company for which payment was made by the purchaser by giving a cheque in favour of the liquidator presented the cheque over the counter and obtained payment in cash which he misappropriated. He was later prosecuted and convicted and removed from office. His successor proceeded against the bank for recovery of the amount on the ground that the bank was negligent and the amount was wrong paid. The court held that under Section 244A of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, an official liquidator was required to open an account with a bank and pay therein money received by him in the course of the liquidation. Rule 66 of the Rules framed by the Madras High court under the Act required that all bills and other securities payable to the company or to the liquidator should, unless the judge otherwise directs, shall as soon as they came into the hands of the liquidator, be deposited by him in the bank. From the cheque itself the bank had notice that it was payable to the liquidator in his official capacity. That the bank realized this in full was shown by the fact that it called for the order of his appointment. The learned judge therefore concluded. We have no doubt that the officers of the bank did not realize, as they should have done, that the bank was doing something improper, but in the circumstances there was negligence. They knew or must have deemed to have known that this money could only be collected by the payee through his own bank and therefore it was most improper on his part to ask for payment over the drawee’s counter. In our judgment there was a clear breach of a statutory duty placed upon the bank and the learned judge was right in holding the bank liable. PAYMENT OF GOOD FAITH, WITHOUT NEGLIGENCE OF AN INSTRUMENT ON WHICH ALTERATION IS NOT APPARENT 1. The effect of Section 10 and 89, and Section 31 was considered by the Supreme Court in Bank of Maharastra vs. M/s Automotive Engineering Co. (1993) 2 SCC 97. The question which arose for consideration in this appeal was whether the paying bank was bound to keep an ultraviolet ray lamp and to scrutinize the cheque under the said lamp even if no infirmity on the face of the said cheque on visual scrutiny was found. Briefly stated, the respondent, a partnership firm, opened a current account with the Wagle Industrial Estate branch of the appellant bank. The said branch was in the industrial area on the outskirts of City of Bombay, where forgery of cheques were rampant and although other branches of the appellant bank were provided with ultraviolet ray lamps, the said branch was not provide with such lamp. On 26, May 1967, one Sri Shah, as a proprietor of Messrs Imperial Tube and Hardware Mart, opened an account, in the name of his firm with a branch of the Union Bank of India. Sri Shah presented a cheque dated 29 May 1967 for Rs. 6500 in favour of his firm to Union Bank of India. On presentation of the cheque through clearing the appellant bank passed the cheque and debited the amount to the account of the respondent. Later on, on receipt of the objection from the respondent defendant, the said cheque was examined under the ultraviolet ray lamp when it transpired that the original cheque was issued in favour of Sri GR Pardawala and the amount of the said cheque was Rs. 95. 98. The writing on the cheque was chemically altered with regard to date, the name of the payee and also the amount. The respondent made demands to the appellant bank to credit the amount to its account. The appellant bank filed a suit which the agent of the appellant bank was examined, who stated that before passing the said cheque for payment he had checked that serial number and date of the cheque and had compared the signature of the respondent with the specimen signature and that from visual appearance of the cheque no conformity was noted by him and from the tenor of the cheque it appeared to be genuine one. The trial court dismissed the suit on the ground that by not providing the facility of ultraviolet ray lamp, the appellant bank had failed to discharge proper care and, thereof, did not pass the said cheque with the due diligence. On appeal, the District Judge, while appearing that no abnormal features to suspect the genuineness of the cheque could found on visual inspection of the cheque, was of the view that the appellant bank was not entitled to protection for the lapse in the said cheque for scrutiny under the ultraviolet ray lamp. On further appeal, the High Court of Bombay, while accepting the finding that the cheque in question apparently did not show any sign of alteration, held that the appellant bank did not act with proper care and caution in not providing necessary device for detecting forged cheque. Since the absence of such lamp amounted to negligence on the part of the appellant bank, no protection was available because payment was not made in due course. The appellant bank preferred this appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court allowed the appeal of the Bank on the following grounds. (i) Section 89 of the Negotiable Instruments Act gives protection to the paying banker of a cheque which has been materially altered but does not appear to have been so altered, if payment was made according to the apparent tenor thereof at the time of payment and otherwise in due course. ii) Section 10 of the said Act defines payment in due course to mean payment in accordance with the apparent tenor of the instrument in good faith and without negligence to any person in possession thereof under circumstances which do not a responsible ground for believing that he is not entitled to receive payment of the amount therein mentioned. (iii) Section 31 of the said Act obliges the drawee bank ha ving sufficient funds of the drawer in its hands properly applicable to the payment of such cheque, to make payment of the cheque when duly required to do so. iv) On analysis the evidence, the courts below had held that on visual examination no sign of forgery or tampering with the writings on the cheque could be detected. It was found that the agent of the appellant bank had verified the serial number and signature on the cheque and had compared the signature on the cheque with the specimen signature of the respondent and on scrutiny of the cheque visually no defects could be detected by him. There was sufficient funds of the drawer with the appellant bank, which had no occasion to doubt about the genuineness of the cheque from the apparent tenor of the nstrument. There was no evidence to hold that the payment was not made in good faith. Simply because the ultraviolet ray lamp was not kept in the branch and the said cheque was not subjected to such lamp, would not be sufficient to hold the appellant bank guilty of negligence more so when it has not been established on evidence that the other branches of the appellant bank or other commercial banks had been following a practice of scrutinizing each and every cheque or cheques involving a particular amount under such lamp by way of extra precaution. v) In such circumstances, it is not correct legal proposition that the bank, in order to get absolved from the liability of negligence, was under an obligation to verify the cheque for further scrutiny under advanced technology or for that matter under ultraviolet ray lamp apart from visual scrutiny even though the cost of which scrutiny was only nominal and it might be desirable to keep such lamp at the branch to take aid in appropriate case. vi) The Courts below were not justified in holding that the bank had failed to take reasonable care in passing the cheque for payment without subjecting it for further scrutiny under ultraviolet ray lamp because the branch was in the industrial area where such forgery was rampant and other branches of the appellant bank were provided with such lamp. The appeal was, therefore, allowed and the suit of the appellant bank was decreed only for the principal amount without any interest on the same. b) The protection granted to a banker under Section 89 had come up for consideration before the Calcutta High Court in Brahma Shumshere Jung Bahadur vs. Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China (AIR 1956 Cal. 399). In this case B who was a member of the royal family of Nepal had an overdraft account with the bank for which certain securities were deposited with the Bank. The overdraft limit was not a fixed limit and fluctuated depending on the securities deposited. In April 1946, B requested the bank to enhance the overdraft limit which however was not agreed to by the bank and the limit was Rs. 70000. In July 1946, B sent a cheque by post drawn on the overdraft account which was intercepted in the mail and the amount was raised from Rs. 256 to Rs. 234081. The cheque was put for collection in another bank which was paid by B’s bank. B oncoming to know about the forgery, sued both the paying and collecting bank contending that though the cheque was signed by him it was written out by the same person and as such it should have aroused the suspicion of the bank. The court, however, held that since no alternation or obliteration was visible at the time of payment, the payment was made according to the apparent tenor at the cheque. Further since B had on other occasions also issued cheque signed by him and written by others, the bank suspicion could not have aroused. The court was held that the words â€Å"liable to pay† appearing in the third paragraph of Section 89 included a liability to pay appearing in the third paragraph of Section 89 included a liability to pay under the overdraft agreements as much as it applied to an ordinary deposit account. As regards exceeding the overdraft limit, the Court held that no definite limit was fixed at any time and it fluctuated according to the securities deposited by B. In this case collecting bank was liable for other reasons for which we shall see in the next unit. 2. In the case of Tanjore Permanent Bank vs. S. R Rangachari (AIR 1959 Madras 119) the High Court was called upon to decide a case in which cheque was materially altered and the bank sought protection under Section 89. In this case R had an overdraft account with the bank and requested the Manager to advance him Rs. 16000 to debit of his account. The Manager asks R to send him three blank cheque signed. R accordingly did the same. However,, of the three cheques only one was utilized for the payment of Rs. 16000. The other two cheques were alleged to have been filed by the accountant of the Bank for Rs. 7600 and Rs. 4200 and the names of two clerks were written as the payees. In both the cheques the alteration were apparent and visible but the bank paid these cheques. On R not clearing the debit because of his overdraft account, the bank sued him. R contended that the debit entries for Rs. 7600 and 4200 were made by the Bank wrongly and as such he cannot be held liable. The court held that since the material alteration on both the cheques were visible and since they were not authenticated by the drawers, initials, the payment made by the bank was not according to the apparent tenor of the instrument and as such the bank cannot claim protection under Section 89 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. The Court in coming to the above conclusion relied on the following paragraph of Bhashyam and Adiga’s Negotiable Instrument Act; The bank has also to see whether there are nay alterations in the cheque and whether they have been properly authenticated. Therefore, where an alteration in a cheque is initialed not by all the drawers but only some of them, the bank will be paying the amount on the said cheque at its own risk. In this connection it is necessary to notice that under Section 89 protection is afforded to the bank paying a cheque where the alternation is not apparent. It is to be noted as per Section 89 of the bank can seek protection only if there is material alteration in the cheque and does not appear to have been altered. This, however, does not protect a banker in case the signature of the customer is forged. As stated earlier a forged cheque is no mandate of the customer and as such the bank cannot make payment on a cheque where the signature of the customer is forged. The question whether signatures is forged or not depends on the evidence and the court in coming to a conclusion that the signature is forged would look into the facts and circumstances that led to the payment of the cheque. 3. In Bareilly Bank Ltd vs. Naval Kishore (AIR 1964 All 78) N opened an account with the bank by making a cash deposit of Rs. 19900. N was issued a cheque book containing 25 cheques. 17 months after the opening of the account N drew a cheque for the first time for Rs. 5900 which was dishonored by the bank. On enquiries N was informed that 11 months back three cheque aggregating Rs. 19500 were paid by the bank and the present balance in the account was a mere Rs. 437. N denied issuing of the cheque and sued the bank. In evidence it came out that 3 cheques used to withdraw the amounts were not from the cheque book issued to N and were from a different cheque book. Though bank was not in a position to explain this lapse, they made an attempt to counter the contentions of N by producing his specimen signature, which appeared to be similar to the ones on the cheques. N however denied that the specimen signature was his and the court concluded that the specimen signature were totally different from N’s regular signature. Evidence also was led to show that the bank’s own employees were involved in the forgery since the ledger page of N’s account showed that certain erasures and scorings were made and the signature of N missing in the cheque book issue register. Therefore, the court refused to accept the bank’s contention. PAYMENT BY BANK UNDER MISTAKE WHETHER RECOVERABLE The question whether a bank paying a forged cheque can recover the sale from the payee was considered by the Calcutta High Court in United Bank of India vs. Ali Hussan Co. AIR 1978 Calcutta 169) In this case a cheque for Rs. 5000 purported to have been drawn by a company was presented by the collecting bank to the paying bank, and was paid. The signature, as well as other writings on the cheque, were forged. The forgery was perfect that it was not possible even for a trained eye to detect it. The paying bank, having subsequently come to know of the forgery, filed a suit against the collecting bank and the payee o f the cheque, for recovery of the amount paid, on the ground of payment under mistake. Defending the suit, the collecting bank contended that it received the cheque in the ordinary course of its business, and presented the same for encashment in good faith. The payee considered that he received the cheque from some persons claiming to be representatives of a company, in the ordinary course of business, towards payment of the price of the goods to be supplied by him, that he acted in good faith having no reason to suspect that the cheque was forged, and that he parted with the goods only on receipt of intimation from the collecting bank that the cheque had been encashed. The Trial Court having dismissed the suit on the ground that the paying bank had no cause of action, an appeal was preferred to the High Court. Decision: The High Court dismissed the appeal and held that both from the point of view if equitable principles and the doctrine of estopple, the paying bank was disentitled to recover the money either from the collecting bank or the payee. In the course of his judgment, MM Dutt. J said; The evidence on record supports the findings of the learned Judge that the forgery was so accurate that it was not possible to a trained eye to deduct the same. In these circumstances, it is difficult to hold that the plaintiff bank had acted carelessly or negligently. The encashment was made by the plaintiff bank on the mistaken belief that the cheque was a genuine one. The defendant United Bank had nothing to do with the question as to whether the cheque was genuine or forged. In due course of business it presented the cheque to the plaintiff bank for collection and after the cheque was encashed, intimation was given by it to its constituent, namely the defendant No. 1 and the latter, in its turn, sold goods to the persons who ame with the forged cheque as the representatives of the Metal Alloy Co. Thus it appears that the parties in the suit acted in good faith in due course of business. It was due to mistake that was committed by the plaintiff Bank that it had to suffer the loss of the said sum of Rs. 5200. Upon the consideration of the principles of law as noticed above, it seems to us that so long as the status quo is maintained and th e payee has not changed his position to his detriment, he must reply the money back to the payer. If, however, there has been a change in the position of the payee who, acting s good faith, parts with money to another without any benefit to himself before the mistake is detected, he cannot be held liable. Equity disfavours unjust enrichment. When there us question of unjust enrichment of the payee by reaping the benefit of an accidental windfall the should be made to suffer, for he would be as innocent as the payer who paid the money acting under a mistake. [ 2 ]. * compiled by Dr. S. C Bihari

The Harrapan Civilization Essay Example For Students

The Harrapan Civilization Essay The Indus Valley, or Harrapan, civilization was discovered in 1920-21 when engraved seals were discovered near present-day Sahiwal in Pakistani Punjab at a place called Harappa. Excavations at Mohenjodaro in Sind discovered the buried remains of a civilization with a pictographic script. The Harappans first settled sites along the Indus River. This civilization extended to the Yamuna along the bed of the river Ghaggar in Rajhastan, Gujrat and up to the mouths of the rivers Narbada and Tapati. The Harappan culture extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. Most of the major sites of this civilization are in Pakistan. In fact it is in Pakistan that an earlier phase of it has also been unearthed. This happened between 1955-57 when a Pakistani archaeologist, F.A.Khan, discovered a town of the pre-Indus period 3300 to 2800 BC at Kot Diji in Khairpur, Sind. Such sites were also discovered by Rafique Mughal in Bahawalpur, in the Cholistan desert, extending the area of this culture to the whole of southern Pakistan. The first appearance of this civilization was the early Harappan/Ravi Phase. This Ravi Phase, named after the nearby Ravi River, lasted from approximately 3300 BC, or even 3500 BC, to 2800 BC. This phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra river valley to the west, and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800 -2600 BC), named after a site in northern Sindh near Mohenjo-daro. Increasing knowledge of the Ravi and Kot Diji Phase occupations at Harappa, and of contemporary settlements throughout northwestern South Asia, permits glimpses of later Indus Civilization. Some of the most exciting discoveries in Ravi Phase levels have been of early writing. The origins of the Indus script-like signs dates from 3300-2800 BC. This would make the origins of writing in South Asia approximately the same time as in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley civilization is traditionally broken down into three more Harrapan Phase, from 2600 to 1900 BC, a Harrapan transitional period, 1900 to 1700 BC, and the late Harrapan period, 1700 to 1300 BC. Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians were the founders of the Harappan culture. The Harappan civilization was twice the size the Old Kingdom of Egypt. They had trade relations with Mesopotamia, Iran, and the Central Asian peoples. The Mature Harappan civilization is divided into two cultures, the Sorath Harappan and the Sindhi Harappan. The Sindhi Harappan sites are sites characterized by elaborate architecture, fired brick con struction, sewage systems and stamp seals. The Sorath Harappan sites lack stamp seals, ornaments and elaborate architecture. We will write a custom essay on The Harrapan Civilization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Harappans were organized into chiefdoms, averaging between two and five acres. The Harappans were sedentary-pastoral people organized into various trades, such as, sailor-fishermen, smiths, merchants and farmers. The Harappans also possessed the social technology of writing seals. The Harappans were find engineers and craftsmen. They cultivated wheat, barley and millet. The Harappans had a highly developed grain storage system. They built large cities with complex drain systems under the streets of some of their cities. The Dravidians/Harrapans built the first major port in Lothol. Lothal was situated at the head of the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat. Here archaeologists have found large warehouses ready to hold goods for export. Due to changes in the environment of the Indus Valley, much of the area became more arid. This led to many Harappans migrating out of the Indus Valley into India, to settle sites in Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and other parts of western Uttar Pradesh between 1700-1000 B.C. It was in Gujarat, that the Harappans probably first came in contact with the Aryans. The Harrapan civilization fell with the arrival of the Aryan race. .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .postImageUrl , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:hover , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:visited , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:active { border:0!important; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:active , .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6414324f9696a42b4954842bdcf5783e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Minimum Wage and Why we Should Leave It EssayBibliography:http://ftp.eq.uc.pt/usenet/faq/usenet/sci.research/Information_Research_FAQ_v.variable:version_%28Part_1_9%29http://homepages.luc.edu/cwinter/harapa.htmhttp://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus2/index.html)

Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics

Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics Introduction Ethics in workplace is a leadership issue that has raised concerns in the recent past. An organization depends on its employees in order to achieve its desired results. In order to do this, employees must be ethical in their actions and ensure that they work as per the expectations that are stipulated by the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to McCarthy Eastman (2010, p. 25), ethics refers to a standard behavior that is acceptable within a given setting. These scholars say that although ethics may be considered as being universal, there are some cases where ethics may differ. This means that what one organization considers as ethical behavior may be unethical in another organization. Besides the need to motivate employees, one of the most important issues that a manager always tries to inculcate on their e mployees is ethics. When employees embrace ethical behavior, they can follow instruction given without any deviation (Taborda 2011, p. 87). Through ethics, employees will stay away from such unethical practices as pilferage that affects a firm negatively. Customer service also needs ethics in order to ensure that customers are served in a satisfactory and respectful manner. There has been an argument of how best ethics can be inculcated among employees. According to Daft (2009, p. 41), ethics is not something that can be forced into an employee. It is fear that can be generated when the management decides to use punitive measures against those employees who go against the set laws. However, Bird (2007, p. 220) says that fear is not a form of ethics, because when this fear is eliminated, then such an employee would be involved in unethical behavior with impunity. Eliminating fear at workplace can be an easy task for regular employees. They only need to understand the system and chann els through which their unethical behavior can be detected. Once this is clear, then they can easily avoid paths that may make them prone to being caught. As Sharma (2008, p. 55) says, ethics is something that should be in the mind of people. It should be a responsibility of the person. It is because of this that the researcher is interested in determining the influence of formal cultural systems on promotion of ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion Arguments about Formal Cultural System According to Sirkin, Keenan and Jackson (2005, p. 67), organizational culture is gaining popularity at a very fast rate in the current corporate world. The competition in the corporate world has become very stiff, and many firms are trying to find a way of making their products unique in the market. To achieve this, many firms have realized that the best thing to do is to develop a culture that is unique to itself. Organizational culture refers to the practices and the general conduct that all members of the organization are expected of when dealing with members of the organization and with customers (DeAnne, Gary, Hyde Tipping 2004, p. 78). It also involves the manner in which employees will address any task assigned to them, and how they should relate to the environment. The main reason why firms are always keen on developing organizational culture is to develop a system that would enable employees work without feeling that they are forced with instruction. It creates an environment where employees understand their responsibilities and appreciates the importance of accomplishing the assigned tasks without close monitoring. It also eliminates constant supervision from the top management. Kratschmer (2011, p. 26) says that employees always deliver more when they are allowed to work without feeling intimidated. Supervision creates this intimidation, and the o utput of an employee is always very poor when they work under such intimidation. However, Basslin (1990, p. 78) says that employees cannot be allowed to work without any close monitoring in order to ensure that they are within the right track. For a long time, managements struggled with the idea of finding the best way to monitor activities of employees without making them realize that they were being monitored. This was not an easy task until some scholars came up with organizational culture. This culture allows managers to make employees not only understand what they are expected to do but also memorize all the procedures involved in handling the tasks and how to make relevant report. Organizational culture enables the management to ensure that employees work as expected without any direct supervision. It also helps in creating responsibility among the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The culture will always make employees understand that the organization is a system. In this system, they are the individual drivers that must work together in order to make this system run. The employees will understand their position within the system, and the possible consequence that the system may be subjected to when they fail to do their part. They will therefore, feel responsible, as they would need to help this system achieve its objectives by constantly delivering their input. To the management, their task will be reduced to finding ways of improving service delivery of the system and ensuring that the employees are constantly motivated. This culture must be made formal. According to Bardes, Mayer and Piccolo (2008, p. 185), it is not advisable for an organization to develop a good organizational culture and fail to make it formal. This is because when this culture is made formal all the employees would have the m oral authority to follow it. They will also find it challenging to ignore this culture because it is legally binding. When this culture is made formal, all members of the organization would feel that all actions done in spirit of the culture would yield good results that would be acceptable. It would be very interesting to understand the relationship between formal cultural system and ethics within the organization. To do this, the researcher will try to answer the question below. Is the formal cultural system within a firm the most important favor in creating an ethical workplace? To respond to this question, it would require an analysis into the available literature about this topic. Researchers have conducted various empirical studies in order to determine if formal cultural system within a firm is the most important favor in creating an ethical workplace. Ideas and Assertion about Influence of Formal Cultural System on Ethics In the above section, the researcher has created a de tailed insight into what a formal cultural system is. It is also clear from the above section that term ethics is defined as behavioral standards that are acceptable within the system. Of interest now would be to determine how formal cultural system would influence ethics within a firm.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Baekdal, Hansen, Todbjerg and Mikkelsen (2006, p. 57), ethics and organizational culture has close relationship. This scholar says that when developing an organizational culture, the management would try to ensure that they set a culture that is conscious of the expected ethics. This scholar says that when developing the culture, the management would first determine all the ethical issues that are relevant within the organization. After determining this, these ethical issues will be intertwined with the culture. This argument is supported by Goolnik (2006, p. 65) who says that when developing an organizational culture, the most important thing that the management has to consider is the relevant ethical issues. When the employees adopt a culture within the organization, it should be that which is within the ethical considerations. Bass (1985, p. 47) gives a new insight into the relationship between formal cultural system and ethics. This scholar says that it is not possi ble to separate ethics from formal cultural practice because cultural practice in itself is expected to be formal. When an organization develops a formal cultural system that is not conscious to ethics, it would be nearly impossible to inculcate ethics within the organization, because these two forces should be modified in a way that they will pull together. In case there is a moment they are allowed to pull in different directions, the one which is considered easier to achieve by employees would be followed. Avolio and Yammarino (2008, p.67) on the other hand, think that the argument given by this scholar is partly true, but lacks some practical insights. These scholars say that it is true that ethics and organizational culture are inter-twined. However, this scholar says that there is no moment that the management would develop a culture that is unethical because they stand to bear the consequence. The scholars also reiterate that it is practically impossible for an organization t o capture all ethical issues in its organizational culture. However, a scholar thinks that the only thing that a firm can do is to develop a system that would show the employees the right path to follow when handling various activities with a leeway of making personal decisions that are considered ethical. This means that the management can only create a culture that offers guideline towards ethical behavior. Ethics may not be easily achieved in the workplace unless the members understand that it is needed to ensure sustainability and development for everyone. Banutu (2004, p. 150) argues McGregor’s Theory Y. He says that employees can be self-motivated to deliver the expected results as long as they are provided with an environment that supports this. To this extend, the best way of promoting ethics within an organization is to create a formal cultural system that will create a good environment for employees to work without direct supervision. When this is realized, employee s will develop a sense of responsibility in whatever activity they are engaged in. This would lead to a need to act ethically when undertaking various assignments. This means that formal cultural system would be creating an environment for employees within a firm to act ethically. Given that the cultural system is formal, they will know that their actions are legally binding and would therefore, feel protected for every ethical decision they make which is in line with the cultural system. This means that employees will not need to make constant referrals to higher authorities when they are subjected to issues that are new to them but within their jurisdiction. The guiding principle would be clear based on the formal cultural system upon which the organization runs. This system would therefore, promote ethical behavior from the perspective that this would bring benefits to the individual and to the organization. Pros and Corns of Using Formal Cultural System to Promote Ethics Accordi ng to Devis (2008, p. 46), formal cultural system will always promote ethics, but this works from McGregor’s Theory X perspective. This scholar says that given opportunity, employees would want to spend a lot of time in leisure because naturally, a human being hates work. This means that when there is no tight system put in place to monitor their activities and behavior, then they will tend to avoid their duties, involve in activities that would give them quick effortless gains such as corruption and other activities that are detrimental to the success of the organization they are working. This scholar also agrees with the fact that when forced to work under direct supervision, employees would always feel a lot of pressure that may lower their final output. This means that management must find a way of making employees deliver good results and work ethically without feeling this pressure. To achieve ethics in this context, Armstrong (2001, p. 45) says that formal cultural sys tem would be beneficial. To this extent, the scholar says that the system should be developed to make employees realize that they have responsibility to be ethical in their actions. However, Anderson (2011, p. 89) warns that this system should not be punitive in nature. The employees should not feel that the system is set to give punishment at the slightest misstep because it would make them work under pressure, and this affects their productivity. The system should make them understand that while in this organization, there is a manner in which every activity in done and any contravention to the laid principles would result into negative consequences to the organization. Being part of the organization, any negative effect to the organization would automatically affect the individual negatively (Wilson 1992, p. 97). This system will be acting as an agent that would deter an unethical act. The moment an individual is faced with the temptation to engage in unethical act, the system wo uld be a constant reminder of both the short term and long-term consequences of such acts. This would be a way of promoting ethics in the workplace, but from the perspective of the possible consequences. Conclusion and Recommendations The above discussion has demonstrated that formal cultural system is the best way through which an organization can ensure that there is ethics at the workplace. One of the best ways of ensuring that employees work ethically within the workplace is to ensure that there is constant supervision from the management. However, in the current competitive world, no organization can afford to hire such a large number of employees whose work will just be supervision. Organizations are growing learner in terms of the number of employees and therefore, every employee would have a specific task other within the firm with a few top management individuals responsible for making policies and supervisory work. Researchers have also confirmed that when employees work u nder direct supervision, their output is reduced. This makes formal cultural system the efficient tool in promoting ethics within an organization. Whether it is taken from the perspective of Theory X or Theory Y, the fact is that this system can help promote ethics at workplace. It is therefore, recommended that leaders use formal cultural system to promote ethics. List of References Anderson, M 2011, Bottom-Line Organization Development: Implementing and Evaluating Strategic Change for Lasting Value, Elsevier, Burlington. Armstrong, S 2001, Are you a â€Å"transformational† coach? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 44-47. Avolio, B Yammarino, F 2008, Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom. Baekdal, T, Hansen, K, Todbjerg L Mikkelsen, H 2006, â€Å"Handle change management projects more effectively† Change Management Handbook, vol. 1, no. 27, pp. 7-57. Banutu , M 2004, Great leaders teach exemplary followership and serve as servant leaders, Journal of American Academy of Business, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 143-151, via EBSCOhost Library database. Bardes, M, Mayer, D Piccolo, R 2008, Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psycholog, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 180-197, via EBSCOhost Library database. Bass, B 1985, Leadership and performance beyond expectations, Free Press, New York. Basslin, B 1990, Stogdills handbook of leadership: theory, research and managerial applications, Free Press, New York. Bird, A 2007, Team structure and success as related to cohesiveness and leadership, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 217-223, via EBSCOhost Library database. Daft, R 2009, Organization Theory and Design, Cengage Learning, New York. DeAnne, A, Gary, N, Hyde, P Tipping, A 2004, Ten Guiding Principles Of Change Management, Booz Company, New York. Dev is, J 2008, Ethics in the Workplace, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Goolnik, G 2006, â€Å"Effective Change Management Strategies for Embedding Online Learning within Higher Education and Enabling the Effective Continuing Professional Development of its Academic Staff†, Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, vol. 7, no. 1, pp 10-78. Kratschmer, P 2011, Organizational Culture is Highly Resistant to Change: Discuss, GRIN Verlag, New York. McCarthy, C Eastman, D 2010, â€Å"Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation,† Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, vol. 1, no. 39, pp 20-41. Sharma, R 2008, Change Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Sirkin, H Keenan, P Jackson, A 2005, â€Å"The Hard Side of Change Management†, Harvard Business Review, vol. 3, no. 4, pp 1-18. Taborda, L 2011, Enterprise Release Management: Agile Delivery of a Strategic Change Portfolio, Artech House, New York. Wilson, D 19 92, A Strategy of Change: Concepts and Controversies in the Management of Change, Cengage Learning, London.

Sugar and its Influence on the World essays

Sugar and its Influence on the World essays In the beginning of Sidney Mintzs book, Sweetness and Power, there is an engraving by William Blake that depicts three ethnically contrasting, naked women. The woman in the middle is a Caucasian European, and on both sides of her are women representing Africa and the early Americas, thus hinting to the fact that Europe was undoubtedly dependent on Africa and the Americas between 1000 and 1800 CE. Europe depended immensely on the Americas for the vast amounts of natural resources and wealth that resided in the region. American soil was a land of opportunity begging to be harvested by the hungry Europeans. Now that Europe had come across an abundant land of riches, it needed laborers to reap its economic benefits. Thus, Europe turned to Africa and slave trade was born. From 1441-1870 CE eighteen million slaves were traded and nine million of them died in the process (Lecture, The Slave Trade). Without the Americas and Africa the wealth and riches that Europe acquired would have been virtually non-existent. Europeans sent slaves from Africa to the new world to harvest the most valuable, and pertinent resource in the history of our world, sugar. The native indians of the area were also made into slaves, and they relentlessly mined and produced silver, gold, and other precious metals. Then the finished products were sent back to Europe to be traded and sold. Due to this new world system, Europes economy boomed and thrived. William Blakes illustration correlates directly to the vast importance of sugar and almost everything else in the history of our world, because everyone was interdependent on each other, and this inevitably attributes to the idea of intricate world systems. The world between 1000 and 1800 CE was entirely connected and world systems dominated. There was trade, mercantilism, agriculture, and eventually a successful money system, but none of it would have ex...

Hand and Wrist Positioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hand and Wrist Positioning - Essay Example The four-view wrist series includes semipronated and semisupinated (reverse) oblique views, Posteroanterior (PA) and PA in ulnar deviation and the three-view hand series includes the semipronated oblique views, PA and Lateral view (Kurtz, 1997). These are the three common positions of X-ray for both the wrist and hand (Kurtz, 1997). The techniques of (PA), Oblique and lateral projections are used to perform the radiography for routine examination of hand and wrist (Dr.Ahmad, 2008; Joseph, 2007) and the best view conventionally according to Dr.Ahmad (2008) is PA projection. The main difference between hand and wrist positioning for the three views are how the fingers are held. In the semipronated oblique view the fingers in hand X-ray are held â€Å"as flat as possible and slightly fanned out† but for wrist, the fingers â€Å"curled under into a loose fit to help press the wrist closer to the film if possible† (Kartz, 1997:1). In the lateral view for hand the positioning of fingers is like an okay sign so that on x-ray each finger is visible and for wrist finger’s position does not matter. In case of Scaphoid the positioning of fingers is similar to that of hand x-ray however â€Å"only one finger is extended so that the finger in question is the only one seen on all three pictures† (Kartz, 1997:1). Bhat, A.K, Kumar, B. and Acharya A. (2011), Radiographic imaging of the wrist, Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, May-Aug, 44(2):186-196, retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193630/. Dr.Ahmad, N. (2008). The twists and turns of hand and wrist x-ray positioning. Auntminnie, X-Ray Patient Positioning Manual. Retrieved from http://cdn.auntminnie.com/user/documents/content_documents/X-Ray_Patient_Positioning_Manual_080402.pdf. Joseph, N. (2004). Film Critique of the Upper Extremity – Part 3: Hand, Wrist. Online Radiography Continuing Education for Radiologic X-ray Technologist. Retrieved

Data Collection and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Collection and Analysis - Essay Example Depending on the need, availability of information and expected outputs one or combination of more than one methods for data collection and analysis needs to be adopted. Following are some of the methods for data collection - 1. Primary Research - this method involves collecting information from first hand research done by other individuals / teams / groups and using it to draw inferences with due references to the original research work. 2. Secondary Research - this method involves collecting information which has been derived or inferred from some other primary research work. This may involve articles, secondary research reports, published opinions, etc. among others. 3. Survey - this is a widely known method of data collection by conducting a survey over a sample target population and analyzing the results in order to get first hand information on the research work. 5. Interviews - interviews are another form of collecting information from relevant target population and use the information captured to satisfy the research objectives. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and can be conducted in person or on phone or video conference. 6. Delphi Method - this is a method for collection of expert opinion in the area in which research is being conducted. Experts consulted should be credible and knowledgeable people in the area of the research. For each of the data collection met... However, the above list captures the most commonly used data collection methods. Pros and Cons For each of the data collection methods stated above, there are pros and cons of adopting them in a research project as well as appropriateness for specific type of research projects. Following is a brief discussion on the same - 1. Primary Research - this is a good method of data collection as it provides valuable data points for the research without actually conducting a firsthand research. This method is useful where there are constraints on either time or resources for conducting fully fledged research activities. However, this is still a substitute for actual research. Information available may not exactly match the conditions needed for the research. Hence, there may be compromises or assumptions to be made while using this form of research. This may lead to inaccuracies in research results. 2. Secondary Research - similar to primary research, secondary research may also used in cases of constraints on resources or time. Many times, this form of research is used as a literature review for first step in a research project to provide rough idea on the research topic. This provides important data points which may be useful for designing the actual research, tools used and analysis of data. Again, the disadvantages are that the secondary source information may have inherent inaccuracies introduced while drawing inferences and conclusions from the primary research sources. 3. Survey - this is a popular data collection tool used while conducting business research or market research. The survey results and their analysis provide first hand information directly from the main sources and are not dependent on inferences or

Process Design Matrix and Summary Essay Example for Free

Process Design Matrix and Summary Essay This process design matrix and executive summary will focus on Mac Tool Company and there performance measurement process. This executive summary is needed for Mac tools due to their lack of process performance management that will include service approaches, that consist of production line, self-service, and personal attention approaches. This summary will also cover product approaches for their process performance measurements that consist of, batch assembly line and continuous flow approaches. This executive summary of process performance measurement will quantitatively tell Mac Tools something important about their products, services, and any of the processes that produce them. To conclude this summary, this tool will help Mac Tools understand, manage, and improve the company’s processes. To begin, the first service approach for Mac Tools process performance management consist of production line approach to improve the company’s performance efficiently and effectively. Mac Tools starts with each employee receiving their performance file that includes their consistency, effectiveness, and efficiency for their progress for success and promotions. These performance measurements, that includes their 10-15 machines of production line approaches. There will be a selection on running their machine to run perfect parts or to make changes but this way they have it recorded and make the changes as needed. The second service approach for the process performance measurement plan consists of, a self-service approach. Mac Tools will be implementing EMC2 consulting services with HR and then management to assure that every activity provides meaningful value. (EMC2, 2013). At Mac Tools there are a lot of fragmented processes that can be avoided so financially and human resources are not drained and diminish any chances of keeping up with changing markets and customer demand. There are self-service approaches in this change for the  process performance management plan for every employee (machine operators etc†¦) that include, â€Å"Streamline processes to expedite new product introduction, standardize, integrate, and improve existing processes, design and implement new processes, simulate and model processes for operators, define process metric and performance management strategies.†(EMC2, 2013). The third service approaches for the process performance management plan consist of personal attention approach. Mac Tools should implement the personal attention approach that will include specific competencies that will best be determined through a job analysis process. Competencies that will be included in this personal attention job analysis approach will consist of, accountability and dependability, adaptability and flexibility, advocating causes analysis and reasoning attention to detail business alignment. All of these competency functions are to determine each employee’s performance file and documented with constructive criticism and praise to becoming successful with and for the company. The Mac Tool Company also needs to implement product approaches for their process performance management plan. The first product approach that will be implemented is known as a batch approach. A batch approach can be known as a lean manufacturing process also and focuses on demand-based flow manufacturing. â€Å"This type of production setting, inventory is pulled through each production center when it is needed to meet production orders; this will deliver the benefits of, decreased cycle time, less inventory, increased productivity and increased capital equipment utilization.† (Wiki, 2013) The second product approach for Mac Tools process performance management plans consist of, assembly line approach. By Mac Tools implementing the assembly line approach, it will keep all operators on the same page and get product sent to the next department for the assembly of the product being put together. Then finally are sent to the final department to be inspected and shipped. Having different departments for the processes of the product, and having an assembly line approach for each step will keep the company’s organization on line for their performance management. The third product approach for Mac Tools process performance management plans consist of, a continuous flow approach. The continuous flow approach are implemented through the â€Å"lean building blocks†, like, â€Å"Five S: Aims to bring orderliness, tidiness , and cleanliness to operations ,visual controls: All  tooling parts and other production activities are kept clearly in view to help everyone understand the status of the process at a glance. Poka-Yoke: Mistake Proofing. Process designs can be modified to make it nearly impossible for mistakes, spills, leaks, and other process upsets to occur. By implementing these techniques and others will uphold the continuous flow approach for the process performance management plan for the Mac Tool Company. In conclusion, the process design matrix and executive summary was focused on the Mac Tool Company and what their performance measurement process entailed. The executive summary was needed for Mac Tools due to their lack of process performance management that was included in these service approaches that consisted of production line, self-service, and personal attention approaches. The summary also covered product approaches for their process performance measurements that consisted of, batch, assembly line, and continuous flow approaches. The executive summary that entailed their process performance measurements will quantitatively tell Mac Tools something important about their products, services, and any of the processes that produced them. To conclude this summary, this tool will ensure that Mac Tools understands, manages, and improves the company’s processes for their future business and profits. References EMC2, (2013). Business process management. Retrieved on January 13, 2015 from http://www.emc.com/consulting-services/application/expertise/business-process- management-bpm.htm Lean Manufacturing (2013). Wikipedia. Retrieved on January 13, 2015 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Congratulations Class of 2012 on reaching this milestone in your life. You have fulfilled a quantifiable set of requirements, but what did you really learn? You learned a little something about quadratic equations, how to write the perfect English essay, or the causes of the Civil War. Our most important lessons, however, cannot be recited or written down and turned in for a grade. These lessons involve friendship, hard work, love, and dedication. None of us is really smart enough to go at it alone. We are educated by every experience we live, every interest we pursue, every book we read, and every person we meet. We learn from our parents, friends, teachers, co-workers, classmates, teammates, coaches, and people, who although we have never met, touch our hearts with their lives. Education is, perhaps, the only wealth that cannot be robbed. It is the bridge between cultures. Knowledge transcends education; it transcends the walls of this school. No matter what the future holds for you, the little things you learn from other people will have the most impact on your life. O...

Cinematic techniques in Tim Burton’s Films Essay

Tim Burton uses many cinematic techniques in his movies such as lighting and camera angles throughout his movies in order to create effects and moods. He uses these two cinematic techniques numerous of times in the films Edward Scissorhands and in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He uses them very efficiently to portray different ideas such as showing strengths, weakness, or size in character or setting, or revealing a depressing or cheerful surrounding. Tim Burton is a successful film maker and has inspired many to get into the movie making business due to his cinematic techniques. In many of Burton’s films, Burton uses lighting to show happiness or sadness. In Edward Scissorhands, peg’s town is bright and full of color. Which makes it seems like the town is happy and full of joy, but the townsfolk are cruel and mean to one another. Edwards’s mansion is low key and dark, which makes it seems like Edward is the bad guy, but Edward is a kind, nice guy who loves to help everyone even though he has a disability. Burton also uses the same low key lighting in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. When Charlie goes home at the beginning of the movie, Burton uses high angle to show Charlie’s house all dark, making it look small and haunted. The lighting would want you to think that the family that lives in that house is mean or sad all the time, but Charlie lives with his mom and dad and his grandparents on his mom and dad’s side. And they are all nice, kind, and respectful to one another. You see, this is Burton’s gothic style. Burton is mostly known for his dark, gothic, macabre, and quirky horror and fantasy films. So this cinematic technique has great importance for these films because he used it to make his idea or his opinion become clearer for the audience to understand the lesson from the movie. Burton’s lighting basically impacts the audience’s mood towards the movie or film. Burton wants to see the films in his eyes. Camera angles were very important in the films Edward Scissorhands and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

The Lost Thing Few Techniques

-The shape of the lost thing juxtaposes society in terms of colour and size. It is therefore ignored because of this fact (I found this post helpful http://community. boredofstudies. org/†¦ d. php? t=284556 , http://community. boredofstudies. org/†¦ d. php? t=205746) – Each individual is independent but together, they are seen as a group and belonging. which is ironic in a way? – When the lost thing was returned to the place, each of those characters was different and also the buildings inside were round compared to the human's ‘world'. There is also a sense of belonging but in what way?I can't seem to find the right word for it. – The protagonist is also seen as belonging when in the end, the frame zooms out showing that his tram is identical to the many others around it. IMG_20121113_185738. jpg – This picture shows how the society is identical and therefore they belong together IMG_20121113_185818 (1). jpg – This shows the duo goi ng against the crowd which shows not belonging and individualism. Also the crows is seen as belonging because they look the same and are walking towards the same direction IMG_20121113_185802 (1). pg So can anyone tell me if I am going on the right path in terms of finding the concepts of belonging in this text? and also what are the basis for concepts of belonging? Is it acceptance, understanding, relationships and identity? what else are there? Yes, you're on the right path, never read the picturebook but have seen the short film. The factors you have mentioned are important to belonging, but in respect to the Lost Thing I remember his isolation from family, also conformity is a big thing in it.In the picture book is there the scene where they go to the big dark place to find the lost thing's place? The tall, leering authoritarian figure is definitely something that stuck in my mind. I think the part at the end asserts that to have meaningful engagement of others, you have to have self acceptance and acceptance of others differences. It is exploring that to belong you don't have to be completely the same. The ones you have picked out are great, particularly the two protagonists visually going against the crowd.

Habits and Traits of Hobo Spiders (Tegenaria agrestis)

Habits and Traits of Hobo Spiders (Tegenaria agrestis) The hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, is native to Europe, where it is considered harmless. But in North America, where it was introduced, people seem to believe the hobo spider is among the most dangerous creatures we can encounter in our homes. Its time to set the record straight about the hobo spider. Hobo Spider Description The features that distinguish Tegenaria agrestis from other similar-looking spiders are only visible under magnification. Arachnologists identify hobo spiders by examining their genitalia (reproductive organs), chelicerae (mouthparts), setae (body hairs), and eyes with a microscope. Directly stated, you cannot accurately identify a hobo spider by its color, markings, shape, or size, nor can you identify Tegenaria agrestis with the naked eye alone. The hobo spider is generally brown or rust in color, with a chevron or herringbone pattern on the dorsal side of the abdomen. This is not considered a diagnostic trait, however, and cannot be used to identify the species. Hobo spiders are medium in size (up to 15 mm in body length, not including the legs), with females slightly larger than males. Hobo spiders are venomous, but not considered dangerous in their native European range. In North America, hobo spiders have been considered a species of medical concern for the past several decades, although there doesnt seem to be any scientific evidence to support such an assertion about Tegenaria agrestis. No studies have proven that hobo spider venom causes necrosis of the skin in humans, as is often claimed. In fact, there has only been one documented case of a person developing skin necrosis after a hobo spider bite, and that patient had other medical issues also known to cause necrosis. Additionally, spider bites are extremely rare, and hobo spiders are no more inclined to bite a human than any other spider you might encounter. Think You Found a Hobo Spider? If you are concerned that you may have found a hobo spider in your home, there are a few things you can observe  to be sure your mystery spider is not a hobo spider. First, hobo spiders never have dark bands on their legs. Second, hobo spiders dont have two dark stripes on the cephalothorax. And third, if your spider has a shiny orange cephalothorax and smooth, shiny legs, it is not a hobo spider. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily – AgelenidaeGenus – TegenariaSpecies - agrestis Diet Hobo spiders hunt other arthropods, primarily insects but sometimes other spiders. Life Cycle The hobo spider life cycle is believed to live  as long as three years in inland areas of North America, but just one year in coastal areas. Adult hobo spiders usually die in the fall after reproducing, but some adult females will overwinter. Hobo spiders reach adulthood and sexual maturity in the summer. Males wander in search of mates. When he finds a female in her web, the male hobo spider will approach her with caution so hes not mistaken as prey. He knocks at the funnel entrance by tapping a pattern on her web, and retreats and advances several times until she seems receptive. To finish his courtship of her, the male will add silk to her web. In early fall, mated females produce up to four egg sacs of up to 100 eggs each. The mother hobo spider attaches each egg sac to the underside of an object or surface. The spiderlings emerge the following spring. Special Behaviors and Defenses Hobo spiders belong to the family Agelenidae, known as the funnel-web spiders or funnel weavers. They construct horizontal webs with a funnel-shaped retreat, usually to one side, but sometimes in the center of the web. Hobo spiders tend to stay on or near the ground and wait for prey from within the safety of their silk retreats. Habitat Hobo spiders typically inhabit wood piles, landscape beds, and similar areas where they can construct their webs. When found near structures, theyre often seen in basement window wells or other darker, protected areas near the foundation. Hobo spiders dont usually live indoors, but occasionally make their way into peoples home. Look for them in the darkest corners of the basement, or along the perimeter of the basement floor. Range The hobo spider is native to Europe. In North America, Tenegaria agrestis is well-established in the Pacific Northwest, as well as parts of Utah, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and British Columbia. Other Common Names Some people call this species the aggressive house spider, but there is no truth to this characterization. Hobo spiders are quite docile, and only bite if provoked or cornered. Its believed that someone christened the spider with this misnomer, thinking the scientific name agrestis meant aggressive, and the name stuck. In fact, the name agrestis comes from the Latin for rural. Its also worth noting that an August 2013 analysis of European funnel-web spiders reclassified the hobo spider as Eratigena agrestis. But because this is not yet widely used, weve chosen to use the previous scientific name Tenegaria agrestis for the time being. Sources Vetter, Rick L, and Art Antonelli. How to Identify (and Misidentify) the Hobo Spider. UC Riverside and Washington State University.Hobo Spider.  UC IPM Online,  May 2006.Hobo Spiders (Tenegaria agrestis). Utah State University Extension.Myth: How to Recognize Hobo Spiders.  Burke Museum.Mullen, Gary R, and Lance A. Durden.  Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009.Russell, Richard C, Domenico Otranto, and Richard L. Wall.  The Encyclopedia of Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Wallingford: CABI, 2013.Family Agelenidae - Funnel Weavers. BugGuide.Net.

Definition and Examples of Synchronic Linguistics

Definition and Examples of Synchronic Linguistics Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular period (usually the present). It is also known as  descriptive linguistics or general linguistics. Key Takeaways: Synchronistic Linguistics Synchronistic linguistics is the study of a language at a particular time.In contrast, diachronic linguistics studies the development of a language over time.Synchronistic linguistics is often descriptive, analyzing how the parts of a language or grammar work together. For example: A  synchronic  study of language is a comparison of languages or  dialects- various spoken differences of the same language- used within some defined spatial region and during the same period of time, wrote Colleen Elaine Donnelly in Linguistics for Writers. Determining the regions of the United States in which people currently say pop rather than soda and idea rather than idear are examples of the types of inquiries pertinent to a synchronic study.State University of New York Press, 1994 Synchronistic views look at a language as if its static and not changing. Languages continually evolve, though its slow enough that people dont notice it much while its happening. The term was coined by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. That for which he is now most known was just a portion of his contributions to academia; his specialty was the analysis of Indo-European languages, and his work generally studied languages over time, or diachronic (historical) linguistics. Synchronic vs. Diachronic Approaches Synchronic linguistics is one of the two main temporal dimensions of language study introduced by Saussure in his  Course in General Linguistics (1916). The other is diachronic linguistics, which is the study of language through periods of time in history. The first looks at a snapshot of a language, and the other studies its evolution (like a frame of film vs. a movie). For example, analyzing the word order in a sentence in Old English only would be a study in synchronistic linguistics. If you looked at how word order changed in a sentence from Old English to Middle English and now to modern English, that would be a diachronic study. Say you need to analyze how historical events affected a language. If you look at when the Normans conquered England in 1066 and brought with them a lot of new words to be injected into English, a diachronic look could analyze what new words were adopted, which ones fell out of use, and how long that process took for select words. A synchronic study might look at the language at different points before the Normans or after. Note how you need a longer time period for the diachronic study than the synchronic one. Consider this example: When people had more opportunities to change their social class in the 1600s, they started using the words thee and thou less often. If they didnt know the social class of the person they were addressing, theyd use the formal pronoun you to be safely polite, leading to the demise of thee and thou in English. This would be a diachronic look. A description of the words and how they were used at the time in comparison to the pronoun you would be a synchronic description. Before Saussure, it was considered that the only true scientific study of a language could be diachronic, but both approaches are useful. In the third edition of Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction, the authors explain the types of historical linguistics:   As it is necessary to know how a system works at any given time before one can hope to understand changes, the analysis of language at a single point in time, i.e. synchronic linguistics, now usually precedes the study in terms of diachronic linguistics. (Paul Georg Meyer et al.,  Gunter Nar Verlag, 2005) Synchronic studies look at what associates with what (how parts interact) at any given time. Diachronic studies look at what causes what and how things change over time. Examples of Synchronic Study Synchronic linguistics is descriptive linguistics, such as the study of how parts of a language (morphs or morphemes) combine to form words and phrases and how proper syntax gives a sentence meaning. In the 20th century the search for a universal grammar, that which is instinctive in humans and gives them the ability to pick up their native language as an infant, is a synchronic area of study. Studies of dead languages can be synchronic, as by definition they are no longer spoken (no native or fluent speakers) nor evolving and are frozen in time.

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik painting - Essay Example Eine Kleine Nachtmusik can be described as one of the best known Dorothea Tanning’s early painting. The painting depicts what appears to be a motel or hotel corridor with numbered doors, the farthest of which is open enough in order to offer a certain glimpse of incandescent light. There seems to be activity inside the open room that does not exist in the three doors. This is one of the signs of life that exists in the painting. The open door is the only unnumbered door and for this reason it can be said to hold a lot of mystery. The other three doors are named meticulously and they seem to be tightly locked. A giant sunflower lies on the top of the staircase and two petals lie further down the stairs. The giant sunflower is colossal as it occupies almost at the top of staircase. The third petal is held up by a doll that is propped up against one of the doorways number 207. There are two dolls that are in the painting and they are remarkably life like and wear clothing that is almost similar. The two dolls can only be described as toys because of their hairline as well as regularly molded contours of the torso. The walls are cracked indicating that either there was an earthquake or the building is very old. The cracks are especially located between doors 207 and door 208. It is in between these two doors where the girl and the doll are located. This might indicate also that there might have been a power struggle that existed between the doll and the girl or even the presence of supernatural forces.

Air pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air pollution - Research Paper Example In this manner, the large particles emitted to the atmosphere settle on the ground, while the small particles are carried by the wind. Air pollution does not only damage the environment, but it also affects the health of the individuals in terms of skin and eyes irritation, and respiratory illness. Air pollution has been a concern of almost every individual in the world, and many are exerting effort in order to enact laws or individual awareness to end air pollution (â€Å"Air Pollution†). 3.0 Types of Air Pollution 3.1 Indoor Air pollution Air pollution occurs inside the houses, offices, schools, and other enclosed areas. Air pollutants indoor usually comes from cigarette or tobacco smoking, gases that come from stoves while cooking, chemicals, glue, and paint used in the building, and other hazardous fumes secreted by the materials of the building, and radon. Radon is considered as a radioactive gas which is emitted by decaying uranium rocks on the ground. Radon can easily b e trapped in structures that are energy-efficient where hot or cool air is kept inside. Therefore, due to this high concentration of gases inside the structure, radon can easily be trapped inside and can cause harm to the people inside the building. Nonetheless, the ventilation of the structure also plays a vital role in contributing to indoor air pollution (Thakur 68). 3.2 Outdoor Air Pollution Outdoor pollution occurs when the air pollutants from the burning of gases by vehicles, power and business plants, burning of garbage are formed into gases and particles which then emitted to the atmosphere. Some of these activities emit lead and mercury, which are considered as heavy metals, which then result to the formation of smog. Smog is a result of the reaction gasoline and petroleum combustion to sunlight. This reaction then forms a brown-colored smoke that also results to the creation of different harmful gases. From these different gases, ozone is also formed, which is a harmful ty pe of oxygen. Aside from smog, acid rain is also caused by air pollution. This occurs when nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor, which results to the production of nitric and sulfuric acid. The most common sources of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide are burning gas and oil by cars and factories (Thakur 68-69). 4.1 Effects of Air Pollution 4.1 Effects of Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution can cause eye irritation, headache, skin irritation, and other health problems. Aside from this, if radon is inhaled in large amount, the person can also suffer from lung cancer. Sick building syndrome (SBS) can also occur if the air quality in a building is poor or low. SBS can elicit symptoms such as chills and fever, congestion of the chest, throat irritation, dry skin, and dizziness. These symptoms are not specific; therefore, these symptoms can also be caused by other ailments. However, an employee must seek an attention of a physician if the symptoms worsen during working shifts or hours and deteriorate after the shift of an employee (Thakur 68; Austin, Brimblecombe, and Sturges 90). 4.2 Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution Outdoor air pollution affects human beings and the environment. The short term effects of air pollution include pneumonia, irritation of the nose, skin, throat, and eyes, nausea, and headaches. Aside from this unpleasant odor from factories, garbage, clogged drainage systems also cause air pollution. On the other hand, the long-term

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical Essay

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical business plan considering the financial aspects of the proposed b - Essay Example This company will be established after assessing both local and cross-border market. The current skin care producers concentrate mainly on women, where most skin care products are manufactured to cater for women. The primary target market for Face Care Limited constitutes the increasing number of high-profile men who desire to improve their looks and be presentable (Cadogan, 2009). Face Care Limited seeks to target working class men since young professional men make up 59% of the young profession; these people prefer high quality skincare products; this is a great opportunity that the company needs to be tapped. Mission Statement The mission of Face Care Limited is to become the premier provider of oily skin solutions to men. Face Care limited is dedicated to provision of a solution to men whose skins produce a lot of oil due to active oil glands. The products are aimed at regulating and controlling the production of sebum. Vision Face Care Limited’s vision is to be the intern ational leader in the provision of high quality skincare products. Core Values The company’s key values are customer satisfaction, honesty, accountability, and reliability in its operations. The firm will focus on promoting likeability of skin care products among potential customers to increase the market size. This is because customers will buy large quantities of the products if they achieve high utility after using them. Customer satisfaction will be achieved through offering affordable prices and substantial quantity of products. Honesty is a key virtue in any organization, and Face Care Limited aims to create a transparent relationship with both the internal and external environment such as workers and clients. In the event of the Face Care Limited receiving complains concerning any harm caused by the company’s products, the management will be accountable and responsible to bear the consequences (Das, 2010). The initial solution to the problem of defectiveness wil l involve immediate recall of skin care products from all shelves and stores. Constant delivery of high quality products in the market will make the firm reliable in identifying new market opportunities, and meeting customer needs effectively. Plan of Operations The operational plan comprises of several elements that the company intend to implement in its production in order to achieve the objectives of firm. Proper assessment of vital components such as sales channels, value proposition, key resources, cost structure, revenue streams, key partners, and key operational activities will enable Face Care Limited to widen its market size (Vale, 2006). Capital raised from promotions of the products will act as the revenue stream for the company; this is through our sales channels, for instance, Face Care intends to use its own website for promotional purposes (Cadogan, 2009). A successful business should target customer segments that have working class men models equipped with the skills of marketing. The promoters have developed a Business Model Canvas for Face Care Limited. This is an action plan that the company intend to use once it becomes operational; it will assist the management in dealing with any possible future challenges. The Business Model Canvas consists of solutions on how Face Care Limited will manage its activities to reach out to clients (Douglas & O'Reilly, 2011). It consists of solut

Current Trends in Construction in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Current Trends in Construction in Nigeria Essay I work in a building and civil engineering Company, registered to conduct business in construction, real estate, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering works. Generally, housing and infrastructures are big matters in Nigeria, like it is with most developing economies in the world, and personally I believe Nigeria has the potential to be one of the biggest construction markets on this planet. While the world is still struggling to emerge from the global economic collapse, Nigeria’s construction industry is growing fast and is likely to grow astronomically over the next decade, according to forecasts made in a June 2010 reports by Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics. These trends in every way have necessarily placed a demand on professionals in the construction industry, and in few cases where they are lacking quacks in the industry end up taking advantage, mostly this quacks are responsible for a reasonable amount of collapsed buildings and abandoned infrastructures. Estimates suggest that current growth in the Nigerian construction industry is greater than that of India. Indeed, the report found that â€Å"Nigeria’s population of approximately 154 million is urbanizing at one of the fastest rates in the world, but construction is currently only 3.2 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product. From 2009 to 2020, only Nigeria and India will enjoy higher growth rates than China in their construction output.† ( These trends are generally common around the world but focusing my attention to my present location, construction works are basically addressed as projects, thus there is a union between construction projects and projects management. In construction there is the demand to control and manage human resources, financial resources and even plants and machinery as the case may demand. But the gap between management structures of these resources remains a loop holes for wastage and inefficiency, grossly affecting the quality and standards of buildings and infrastructures. Most ambitions of the Nigeria government- such as creating much-needed housing, improving public services, developing its tourist sector, improving transport links, creating new jobs and eradicating poverty — can be linked to the construction sector and personally my little niche contribution to the construction industry in Nigeria and the world at large- though minute, is not so difficult to outline as I have worked on managing government funded projects which had to do with the development of ICT and Library for a community in the Niger- delta region of Nigeria, I have also worked for a group of foreign investors here in Nigeria where I rendered appropriate construction services aiding to set up and revamp retail stores in Nigeria for a South Africa brand. The outlook of trends for construction is an excellent one and this is having an expanding effect on the global community. â€Å"According to a study published by the Anderson Economic Group, an average of 1.2 million project management positions will need to be filled each year through 2016.† â€Å"The demand for project managers is definitely growing,† says Sheree Rulard, senior recruiting consultant for Beeline RPO, a workforce solutions firm with offices in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada† . (http://www.villanovau.com/project-manager-jobs/). The two main factors contributing to this increased need for project managers, they are: †¢ A shift in demographics (especially due to the rise in retirement-aged workers) †¢ Growth in global projects worldwide† ( http://www.villanovau.com/project-manager-jobs/) Particularly in Nigeria there is much of infrastructural works that are desperately needed. Roads, ports, bridges and airports etc the country’s archaic railway network, barely altered since colonial days, is also in great need of an upgrade. Roads, in particular, are a problem. Only the capital Abuja and, to a lesser extent, the coastal metropolis of Lagos, has a reasonable road network. Nationwide, road fatalities are one of the most common causes of death. The entire modules appeal to me personally but I foresee† planning and budgeting with risk† as a major module that will provide me insight in the field of construction and improve my personal skill with an adequate planning ability. Most times I spend more of my working hours on construction sites, reviewing and tracking work pace and work standards, where there is on a daily basis an average of about between 50-300 persons working depending on the size and stage of the project and a couple of times am at the office building.